Characterization of Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus in Passiflora edulis 'Catarina' in the southern coast of Santa Catarina State, Brazil / Caracterização do Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus em Passiflora edulis cv. Catarina no litoral sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil

CABMV is a limiting virus for passion fruit crop in Brazil, its main producing country. This virus has been reported in all producing states of the country, with the state of Santa Catarina (SC) in 2017 standing as the third largest passion fruit producer. In 2017, it reached 8.4% of the national production. The southern coast is the main responsible for the increase in production, which has been supplying the domestic market. However, in that same year, this region recorded the first symptom expressions in plants and fruits. The evaluation of the samples collected in the municipalities of Sombrio, Praia Grande and São João do Sul, southern coast of SC, was performed by using a mechanical transmission to indicator plants, PTA-ELISA and RT-PCR, and by sequencing. The evaluation results were positive for CABMV and negative for CMV in PTA-ELISA. In RT-PCR, there was the formation of a 700bp ca band, expected size for Potyvirus, whose sequence comparison with those deposited in GenBank reveled 98% identity with the isolates from São Paulo State. The occurrence of the virus in the southern coast of SC did not reach a serious decrease in passion fruit production due to the union of producers, who adopted preventive management measures to control the virus, whose effect led to a consolidation of the passion fruit production chain in the region.(AU)

O CABMV é um vírus limitante para a cultura do maracujá no Brasil, principal país produtor mundial, cuja ocorrência já foi relatada em todos os estados produtores. Em 2017, o estado de Santa Catarina (SC) foi o terceiro maior produtor de maracujá no Brasil, responsável por 8,4% da produção nacional, sendo o litoral sul o principal responsável pelo aumento da produção, garantindo o abastecimento do mercado interno. Entretanto, nesse mesmo ano, essa região registrou as primeiras expressões de sintomas em plantas e frutos. Uma avaliação das amostras coletadas nos municípios de Sombrio, Praia Grande e São João do Sul, litoral sul de Santa Catarina, foi realizada por transmissão mecânica para plantas indicadoras, PTA-ELISA, RT-PCR e sequenciamento. Os resultados foram positivos para o CABMV e negativos para o CMV, tanto em PTA-ELISA quanto RT-PCR. Na RT-PCR, houve a amplificação de bandas com ca de 700pb, tamanho esperado para o Potyvirus cuja comparação de sequências com as depositadas no GenBank revelaram 98% de similaridade com os isolados do estado de São Paulo. A ocorrência do vírus na região do litoral sul de Santa Catarina não causou quebra na produção de maracujá devido à adoção conjunta de medidas preventivas de manejo pelos produtores, fato que consolidou a cadeia produtiva do maracujá na região.(AU)

A Chemometrics Approach for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Data to Characterize the Partial Metabolome Banana Peels from Southern Brazil.

Banana peels are well recognized as a source of important bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, carotenoids, biogenic amines, among others. As such, they have recently started to be used for industrial purposes. However, its composition seems to be strongly affected by biotic or abiotic ecological factors. Thus, this study aimed to investigate banana peels chemical composition, not only to get insights on eventual metabolic changes caused by the seasons, in southern Brazil, but also to identify the most relevant metabolites for these processes. To achieve this, a Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolic profiling strategy was adopted, followed by chemometrics analysis, using the specmine package for the R environment, and metabolite identification. The results showed that the metabolomic approach adopted allowed identifying a series of primary and secondary metabolites in the aqueous extracts investigated. Besides, over the seasons the metabolic profiles of the banana peels showed to contain biologically active compounds relevant to the skin wound healing process, indicating the biotechnological potential of that raw material.

Toward better understanding of postharvest deterioration: biochemical changes in stored cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots.

Food losses can occur during production, postharvest, and processing stages in the supply chain. With the onset of worldwide food shortages, interest in reducing postharvest losses in cassava has been increasing. In this research, the main goal was to evaluate biochemical changes and identify the metabolites involved in the deterioration of cassava roots. We found that high levels of ascorbic acid (AsA), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), dry matter, and proteins are correlated with overall lower rates of deterioration. On the other hand, soluble sugars such as glucose and fructose, as well as organic acids, mainly, succinic acid, seem to be upregulated during storage and may play a role in the deterioration of cassava roots. Cultivar Branco (BRA) was most resilient to postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD), while Oriental (ORI) was the most susceptible. Our findings suggest that PPO, AsA, and proteins may play a distinct role in PPD delay.

Data supporting the role of enzymes and polysaccharides during cassava postharvest physiological deterioration.

This data article is referred to the research article entitled The role of ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and polysaccharides in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots under postharvest physiological deterioration by Uarrota et al. (2015). Food Chemistry 197, Part A, 737-746. The stress duo to PPD of cassava roots leads to the formation of ROS which are extremely harmful and accelerates cassava spoiling. To prevent or alleviate injuries from ROS, plants have evolved antioxidant systems that include non-enzymatic and enzymatic defence systems such as ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase and polysaccharides. In this data article can be found a dataset called "newdata", in RData format, with 60 observations and 06 variables. The first 02 variables (Samples and Cultivars) and the last 04, spectrophotometric data of ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, tocopherol, total proteins and arcsined data of cassava PPD scoring. For further interpretation and analysis in R software, a report is also provided. Means of all variables and standard deviations are also provided in the Supplementary tables ("data.long3.RData, data.long4.RData and meansEnzymes.RData"), raw data of PPD scoring without transformation (PPDmeans.RData) and days of storage (days.RData) are also provided for data analysis reproducibility in R software.

The role of ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and polysaccharides in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots under postharvest physiological deterioration.

This study aimed to investigate the role of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), polysaccharides, and protein contents associated with the early events of postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) in cassava roots. Increases in APX and GPX activity, as well as total protein contents occurred from 3 to 5 days of storage and were correlated with the delay of PPD. Cassava samples stained with Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) highlighted the presence of starch and cellulose. Degradation of starch granules during PPD was also detected. Slight metachromatic reaction with toluidine blue is indicative of increasing of acidic polysaccharides and may play an important role in PPD delay. Principal component analysis (PCA) classified samples according to their levels of enzymatic activity based on the decision tree model which showed GPX and total protein amounts to be correlated with PPD. The Oriental (ORI) cultivar was more susceptible to PPD.

UV-visible scanning spectrophotometry and chemometric analysis as tools for carotenoids analysis in cassava genotypes (Manihot esculenta Crantz).

In this study, the metabolomics characterization focusing on the carotenoid composition of ten cassava (Manihot esculenta) genotypes cultivated in southern Brazil by UV-visible scanning spectrophotometry and reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography was performed. Cassava roots rich in ß-carotene are an important staple food for populations with risk of vitamin A deficiency. Cassava genotypes with high pro-vitamin A activity have been identified as a strategy to reduce the prevalence of deficiency of this vitamin. The data set was used for the construction of a descriptive model by chemometric analysis. The genotypes of yellow-fleshed roots were clustered by the higher concentrations of cis-ß-carotene and lutein. Inversely, cream-fleshed roots genotypes were grouped precisely due to their lower concentrations of these pigments, as samples rich in lycopene (red-fleshed) differed among the studied genotypes. The analytical approach (UV-Vis, HPLC, and chemometrics) used showed to be efficient for understanding the chemodiversity of cassava genotypes, allowing to classify them according to important features for human health and nutrition.

Metabolomics combined with chemometric tools (PCA, HCA, PLS-DA and SVM) for screening cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots during postharvest physiological deterioration.

Cassava roots are an important source of dietary and industrial carbohydrates and suffer markedly from postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD). This paper deals with metabolomics combined with chemometric tools for screening the chemical and enzymatic composition in several genotypes of cassava roots during PPD. Metabolome analyses showed increases in carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolics, reactive scavenging species, and enzymes (superoxide dismutase family, hydrogen peroxide, and catalase) until 3-5days postharvest. PPD correlated negatively with phenolics and carotenoids and positively with anthocyanins and flavonoids. Chemometric tools such as principal component analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis, and support vector machines discriminated well cassava samples and enabled a good prediction of samples. Hierarchical clustering analyses grouped samples according to their levels of PPD and chemical compositions.

Relação entre doses de calda bordalesa e de fosfito potássico na intensidade do míldio e na produtividade da videira cv. 'Goethe' / Relation between doses of Bordeaux mixture and phosphites potassium on the intensity of Downy Mildew on grape cv. 'Goethe'

O míldio da videira, é uma das principais doenças dessa cultura no Sul do Brasil e provoca grandes perdas caso não sejam adotadas medidas de controle. Trabalhos envolvendo diferentes aspectos do patossistema são importantes para redução das perdas provocadas pela doença. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de doses da calda bordalesa e do fosfito potássico no controle do míldio e na produtividade da videira cv. "Goethe" sob condições do Litoral Sul Catarinense, Brasil. Foram testadas as concentrações de 0,0, 0,1, 0,2, 0,4 e 0,8 por cento do fungicida e do adubo foliar em um esquema fatorial de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. As variáveis de área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD), porcentagem de cachos doentes (PCD) e produtividade foram submetidas à análise de variância e de regressão. Diferenças para AACPD e PCD foram verificadas nas doses dos tratamentos. Por outro lado, não houve diferenças na comparação da calda bordalesa com fosfito, nem para as interações entre doses e tratamentos. Doses de 0,4 por cento de calda bordalesa e 0,3 por cento de fosfito controlaram a doença, pois reduziram em 98 e 94 por cento a AACPD, bem como diminuíram em 46 e 76 por cento a incidência nos cachos, respectivamente. Sintomas de fitotoxidez nas plantas foram observados nas doses de 0,8 por cento de calda bordalesa e 0,4 por cento de fosfito. Não foram verificadas diferenças de produtividade para nenhum dos fatores estudados. A calda bordalesa na dose de 0,4 por cento e o fosfito potássico a 0,2 por cento proporcionaram controle adequado do míldio na cv. 'Goethe'.

The Downy Mildew, considered the most important disease of grape, causes great damage to the culture in the South of Brazil. News aspects of control, like new substances, should still be studied to reduce disease intensity. The objective of this research was to evaluate efficiency of Bordeaux mixture and phosphites on control of downy mildew and productivity of grape cv. 'Goethe' in the South Coastal of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The concentrations tested of 0.0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.4 e 0.8 percent of the fungicide and the foliage fertilizer were evaluated in a DBC factorial scheme with three repetitions. The AACPD, bunch diseased incidence (incidence) and productivity were submitted to regression analyses and F test. Differences were observed for AACPD and incidence for concentrations, but not to different treatments and interactions between treatments and concentrations. The doses of 0.4 percent Bordeaux mixture and 0.3 percent phosphite reduced the AACPD in 98 and 94 percent and incidence in 46 and 76 percent, respectively. Phytotoxycity symptoms were observed in 0.8 percent and 0.4 percent doses of Bordeaux mixture and phosphites, respectively. No differences were verified for productivity. The dosis of 0.4 percent of Bordeaux mixture and 0.3 percent of phosphites resulted in control of Downy Mildew of grape.

Sobrevivência saprofítica de Alternaria brassicicola e manejo de restos foliares de brócolos / Saprophytic survival of Alternaria brassicicola and management of broccoli leaf debris

A sobrevivência saprofítica do fungo Alternaria brassicicola foi investigada em restos foliares de brócolos (Brassica oleracea var. italica), em diferentes profundidades de incorporação no solo, períodos do ano e sistemas de manejo do solo. Os restos foliares infectados pelo patógeno foram distribuídos em parcelas no campo, na superfície do solo e nas profundidades de 5 e 10cm. Periodicamente, os restos foliares foram coletados e a concentração de conídios quantificada, sendo obtida a longevidade da esporulação e a taxa de extinção da esporulação. Foi verificada maior longevidade da esporulação nos restos foliares no período com temperaturas amenas, maior umidade relativa do ar e menor precipitação pluvial. Menor esporulação ocorreu quando os restos culturais foram incorporados a 10cm de profundidade. Quando comparados os sistemas de manejo convencional e orgânico, houve diferença na taxa de extinção da esporulação do patógeno quando a fonte de inóculo foi depositada nas profundidades de 5 e 10cm, sendo superior no solo sob manejo convencional, enquanto na superfície do solo não houve diferença. O manejo da alternariose em brócolos na região do estudo pode ser realizado pela incorporação dos restos foliares infectados no solo, à profundidade mínima de 10cm, visando a um intervalo mínimo de 60 dias entre cultivos de brássicas.

The saprophytic survival of the fungus Alternaria brassicicola was investigated in leaf debris of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica), at different depths of soil incorporation, periods of the year, and systems of soil management. Infected leaf debris were distributed in field plots, at the soil surface and at depths of 5 and 10cm. Periodically, the debris in the bags were collected and conidia concentrations were quantified for longevity of spore production and extinction rate. Higher spore production longevity was observed on leaf debris in the period with lower temperatures, higher air relative humidity and lower rainfall. The lowest spore production occurred when leaf debris incorporation was made at 10cm depth. In relation to soil management systems, when the inoculum source was deposited at the soil surface no differences in the rate of spore production were observed, but at depths of 5 and 10cm, the rate was significantly higher in the soil under conventional management. The management of Alternaria black spot on broccoli at the area under study can be accomplished by incorporating infected leaf debris in the soil, at least 10cm depth, for no less than a 60-day interval in subsequent brassica plantings.